From Philip Sutton - Greenleap (Australia)

Dear Greenleapers,
   When you read this article keep in mind that it is still possible
technically/physically to save  the world from a climate catastrophe if we
decided to go into emergency mode and quickly  make the changes to our
physical economy that are needed.  The existential crisis of  confidence
that we face right now is to do with whether societies will or will not
take adequate  action.  When people say "it's too late" they are assuming
that societies will not take effective  action.
   But we don't have to be like rabbits frozen in the hunters' spotlight!
   If we go into emergency mode we can avoid the worst of the physical
climate catastrophe.
   Cheers, Philip
   ----------------------------

I am concerned that many in these discussion groups are only too happy to
be 'armchair critics' (and heaven's knows we need continual critique -
although the endless fascination with the death throes of the capitalist
system as we know it - seems to take an inordinate amount of energy in most
groups - but I note a troubling lack of on-the-ground action - or even
suggestions of actions that we  might take - which is why - as Philip says
- we are like deer or 'roos in the headlights.

The real issues is HOW to get government to listen (and they can be very
good at sealing-off access to themselves) - how the informed citizen can
get their hands on the levers of power - how do you activate the media (as
the internet has so fractionated the audience, that it is v ery difficult
to get general messages out to everyone - but people do still read papers
and listen to radio, and watch TV.

what does 'emergency mode mean'?? - does it mean draconian restrictions
(which are often very badly thought through) on everything - such could
also mean elimination of internet (as it is energy hungry) - maybe if we
could stick with dialup - which is vastly less energy hungry, we could
continue to operate). Rationing? Closing the borders??? Rumours circulate
about a possible fascist style overthrow of the USA - we can only hope they
are exactly that. But  emergencies cause some strange reactions, and
political opportunists abound.

We should be trying to come up with a do-able "shopping list of
technologies (and social programs) that need promoting (other than the
obvious energy sources) - what pharmaceuticals, what industrial and
domestic chemicals, what building and insulating materials, fuels,
containers - programs for re-use of containers (a major, if almost
invisible, energy cost), electronic technologies, fabrication, textiles etc
etc etc

Oh - and don't forget the natural environment!!

AND the slow population wind-down (we have to get in first on that one - or
nature will do it for us...)

Boring... boring ... but essential...

Hugh Spencer









http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/dec/09/poznan-copenhagen-global-warmi
ng-targets-climate-change

   Too late? Why scientists say we should expect the worst

David Adam

The Guardian,  Tuesday 9 December 2008

   As ministers and officials gather in Poznan one year ahead of the
Copenhagen summit on  global warming, the second part of a major series
looks at the crucial issue of targets

   At a high-level academic conference on global warming at Exeter
University this summer,  climate scientist Kevin Anderson stood before his
expert audience and contemplated a  strange feeling. He wanted to be wrong.
Many of those in the room who knew what he was  about to say felt the same.
His conclusions had already caused a stir in scientific and political
circles. Even committed green campaigners said the implications left them
terrified.

   Anderson, an expert at the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at
Manchester  University, was about to send the gloomiest dispatch yet from
the frontline of the war against  climate change.

   Despite the political rhetoric, the scientific warnings, the media
headlines and the corporate  promises, he would say, carbon emissions were
soaring way out of control - far above even  the bleak scenarios considered
by last year's report from the Intergovernmental Panel on  Climate Change
(IPCC) and the Stern review. The battle against dangerous climate change
had been lost, and the world needed to prepare for things to get very, very
bad.

   "As an academic I wanted to be told that it was a very good piece of work
and that the  conclusions were sound," Anderson said. "But as a human being
I desperately wanted  someone to point out a mistake, and to tell me we had
got it completely wrong."

   Nobody did. The cream of the UK climate science community sat in stunned
silence as  Anderson pointed out that carbon emissions since 2000 have
risen much faster than anyone  thought possible, driven mainly by the
coal-fuelled economic boom in the developing world.  So much extra
pollution is being pumped out, he said, that most of the climate targets
debated by politicians and campaigners are fanciful at best, and
"dangerously misguided" at  worst.

   In the jargon used to count the steady accumulation of carbon dioxide in
the Earth's thin layer  of atmosphere, he said it was "improbable" that
levels could now be restricted to 650 parts  per million (ppm).

   The CO2 level is currently over 380ppm, up from 280ppm at the time of the
industrial  revolution, and it rises by more than 2ppm each year. The
government's official position is  that the world should aim to cap this
rise at 450ppm.

   The science is fuzzy, but experts say that could offer an even-money
chance of limiting the  eventual temperature rise above pre-industrial
times to 2C, which the EU defines as  dangerous. (We have had 0.7C of that
already and an estimated extra 0.5C is guaranteed  because of emissions to
date.)

   The graphs on the large screens behind Anderson's head at Exeter told a
different story. Line  after line, representing the fumes that belch from
chimneys, exhausts and jet engines, that  should have bent in a rapid curve
towards the ground, were heading for the ceiling instead.

   At 650ppm, the same fuzzy science says the world would face a
catastrophic 4C average  rise. And even that bleak future, Anderson said,
could only be achieved if rich countries  adopted "draconian emission
reductions within a decade". Only an unprecedented "planned  economic
recession" might be enough. The current financial woes would not come close.

  Lost cause

   Anderson is not the only expert to voice concerns that current targets
are hopelessly  optimistic. Many scientists, politicians and campaigners
privately admit that 2C is a lost  cause. Ask for projections around the
dinner table after a few bottles of wine and more vote  for 650ppm than
450ppm as the more likely outcome.

   Bob Watson, chief scientist at the Environment Department and a former
head of the IPCC,  warned this year that the world needed to prepare for a
4C rise, which would wipe out  hundreds of species, bring extreme food and
water shortages in vulnerable countries and  cause floods that would
displace hundreds of millions of people. Warming would be much  more severe
towards the poles, which could accelerate melting of the Greenland and West
Antarctic ice sheets.

   Watson said: "We must alert everybody that at the moment we're at the
very top end of the  worst case [emissions] scenario. I think we should be
striving for 450 [ppm] but I think we  should be prepared that 550 [ppm] is
a more likely outcome." Hitting the 450ppm target, he  said, would be
"unbelievably difficult".

   A report for the Australian government this autumn suggested that the
450ppm goal is so  ambitious that it could wreck attempts to agree a new
global deal on global warming at  Copenhagen next year. The report, from
economist Ross Garnaut and dubbed the Australian  Stern review, says
nations must accept that a greater amount of warming is inevitable, or risk
a failure to agree that "would haunt humanity until the end of time".

   It says developed nations including Britain, the US and Australia, would
have to slash carbon  dioxide emissions by 5% each year over the next
decade to hit the 450ppm target. Britain's  Climate Change Act 2008, the
most ambitious legislation of its kind in the world, calls for  reductions
of about 3% each year to 2050.

   Garnaut, a professorial fellow in economics at Melbourne University,
said: "Achieving the  objective of 450ppm would require tighter constraints
on emissions than now seem likely in  the period to 2020 ... The only
alternative would be to impose even tighter constraints on  developing
countries from 2013, and that does not appear to be realistic at this
time."

   The report adds: "The awful arithmetic means that exclusively focusing on
a 450ppm  outcome, at this moment, could end up providing another reason
for not reaching an  international agreement to reduce emissions. In the
meantime, the cost of excessive focus  on an unlikely goal could consign to
history any opportunity to lock in an agreement for  stabilising at 550ppm
- a more modest, but still difficult, international outcome. An effective
agreement around 550ppm would be vastly superior to continuation of
business as usual."

   Henry Derwent, former head of the UK's international climate negotiating
team and now  president of the International Emissions Trading Association,
said a new climate treaty was  unlikely to include a stabilisation goal -
either 450ppm or 550ppm.

   "You've got to avoid talking and thinking in those terms because
otherwise the politics  reaches a dead end," he said. Many small island
states are predicted to be swamped by  rising seas with global warming
triggered by carbon levels as low as 400ppm. "It's really  difficult for
countries to sign up to something that loses them half their territory.
It's not going  to work."

(HS comment) And this I just DON'T understand - the logic of such a
response utterly escapes me. So, if they don't sign up - then they'll lose
even more of their territory...so sign me up Scotty!...

   A new agreement in Copenhagen should concentrate instead on shorter term
targets, such  as firm emission reductions by 2020, he said.

Worst time

   The escalating scale of human emissions could not have come at a worst
time, as scientists  have discovered that the Earth's forests and oceans
could be losing their ability to soak up  carbon pollution. Most climate
projections assume that about half of all carbon emissions are  reabsorbed
in these natural sinks.

   Computer models predict that this effect will weaken as the world warms,
and a string of  recent studies suggests this is happening already.

   The Southern Ocean's ability to absorb carbon dioxide has weakened by
about 15% a  decade since 1981, while in the North Atlantic, scientists at
the University of East Anglia also  found a dramatic decline in the CO2
sink between the mid-1990s and mid-2000s.

   A separate study published this year showed the ability of forests to
soak up anthropogenic  carbon dioxide - that caused by human activity - was
weakening, because the changing  length of the seasons alters the time when
trees switch from being a sink of carbon to a  source.

   Soils could also be giving up their carbon stores: evidence emerged in
2005 that a vast  expanse of western Siberia was undergoing an
unprecedented thaw.

   The region, the largest frozen peat bog in the world, had begun to melt
for the first time since  it formed 11,000 years ago. Scientists believe
the bog could begin to release billions of  tonnes of methane locked up in
the soils, a greenhouse gas 20 times more potent than  carbon dioxide. The
World Meteorological Organisation recently reported the largest annual
rise of methane levels in the atmosphere for a decade.

   Some experts argue that the grave nature of recent studies, combined with
the unexpected  boom in carbon emissions, demands an urgent reassessment of
the situation. In an article  published this month in the journal Climatic
Change, Peter Sheehan, an economist at Victoria  University, Australia,
says the scale of recent emissions means the carbon cuts suggested by  the
IPCC to stabilise levels in the atmosphere "cannot be taken as a reliable
guide for immediate policy determination". The cuts, he says, will need to
be bigger and in more  places.

   Earlier this year, Jim Hansen, senior climate scientist with Nasa,
published a paper that said  the world's carbon targets needed to be
urgently revised because of the risk of feedbacks in  the climate system.
He used reconstructions of the Earth's past climate to show that a target
of 350ppm, significantly below where we are today, is needed to "preserve a
planet similar to  that on which civilisation developed and to which life
on Earth is adapted". Hansen has  suggested a joint review by Britain's
Royal Society and the US National Academy of Sciences  of all research
findings since the IPCC report.

   Rajendra Pachauri, who chairs the IPCC, argues that suggestions the IPCC
report is out of  date is "not a valid position at all".

   He said: "What the IPCC produces is not based on two years of literature,
but 30 or 40 years  of literature. We're not dealing with short-term
weather changes, we're talking about major changes in our climate system. I
refuse to accept that a few papers are in any way going to  influence the
long-term projections the IPCC has come up with."

   At Defra, Watson said: "Even without the new information, there was
enough to make most  policy makers think that urgent action was absolutely
essential. The new information only  strengthens that and pushes it even
harder. It was already very urgent to start with. It's now  become very,
very urgent."