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Herb & Supplement Encyclopedia:

Yellow Dock Herb and Root

 Scientific Names
 Forms
 Traditional Usage
 Overview
 Active Ingredients
 Suggested Amount
 Drug Interactions
 Contraindications
 Side Effects
 References

Scientific Names:
Rumex crispus L. [Fam. Polygonaceae]

Forms:
Aqueous extract of whole or cut dried herb or roots.

Traditional Usage:
- Anemia
- Anti-diarrhea
- Anti-inflammatory
- Antioxidant
- Bile Deficiency
- Blood Purification
- Cellular Regeneration
- Cleansing
- Constipation
- Detoxifying
- Digestive Disorders
- Diuretic
- Indigestion
- Laxative
- Liver Health Maintenance
- Psoriasis
- Scurvy
- Skin Disorders
- Spleen Deficiency
- Vascular Disorders


Overview:
Yellow Dock, Rumex crispus L. [Fam. Polygonaceae], otherwise known as curly dock, is very high in iron and is used by herbalists for treating anemia. It was traditionally used to nourish and detoxify the spleen and liver and cleanse the blood. The Iroquois of Canada traditionally cooked the young leaves of Rumex crispus as greens. Rumex crispus has been used traditionally to treat anemia, anthrax, diarrhea, eczema, fever, itch, leprosy, malaria, rheumatism, ringworm and tuberculosis. According to Dr. James Duke and Stephen Foster in Medicinal Plants (1990), herbalists often recommend the root tea for chronic skin disorders, enlarged lymph glands, skin sores, rheumatism, liver ailments and sore throats. Yellow dock is very similar in taste and composition to the closely related plant, sheep sorrel (Rumex acetosella), used in the popular healing teas Flor-Essence and Essiac. At low doses, most Rumex species are useful for treating diarrhea. The high tannin content of the infusion provides astringent action useful for treating diarrhea and excessive menstrual bleeding. However, Rumex teas consumed in higher doses act as laxatives due to the presence of anthraquinones that directly effect the neuromuscular tissue of the intestines, stimulate peristalsis, increase the mucous production of colonic mucosal cells and stimulate secretion of water into the intestinal lumen, thereby exerting a laxative effect. A comparison of the distribution of anthraquinones in 19 representative species of Rumex showed an identical profile between Rumex acetosella and Rumex acetosa and good similarity to R. crispus. Yellow dock contains several anthraquinones that are effective antioxidants and free radical scavengers. Anthraquinones can arrest the growth of ringworm and other fungi. Many Rumex species also contain a powerful antibacterial compound called rumicin, effective against Escherichia, Salmonella and Staphylococcus. Ethanol and ether extracts of yellow dock leaves have significant antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis.


Active Ingredients:
Yellow dock herb contains: anthraquinones including emodin, aloe emodin, chrysophanol, rhein, and physcion; rutin, flavone glycosides; vitamin C; many different carotenoids including beta-carotene, chlorophyll, organic acids (i.e., malic, oxalic, tannic, tartaric and citric) and phytoestrogens. Minerals include calcium; phosphorus; magnesium; potassium, and silicon, along with iron, sulphur, copper, iodine, manganese, and zinc. Yellow dock root contains: 2-4% anthraquinones including chrysophanol, emodin, nepodin and physcion (aglycones). Tannins such as Catechol (5%) (condensed-type). Other plant constituents documented include oxalic acid, oxalates, chrysophanic acid and a complex volatile oil (more than 60 components identified).


Suggested Amount:
Yellow dock can be taken as a tea with the recommended dosage of one to three cups per day, using one teaspoonful of dried aboveground herb or root per cup of boiling water. Newall et al. (1996) recommend using 2-4 grams of the dried root or by decoction three times daily. Liquid extract (1:1) in 25% alcohol) 2-4 mil, three times daily. Tincture (1:5 in 45% alcohol) 1-2 ml three times daily. [Newall CA, Anderson LA, and Phillipson JD. 1996. Yellow Dock. In Herbal Medicines. A Guide for Health Care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London, pp. 274].


Drug Interactions:
In large dosages, the anthraquinones-type laxative compounds may increase the action of other laxatives and so should not be taken at the same time.


Contraindications:
Yellow dock and other plants of the Polygonaceae family contain oxalates in their fresh and cooked leaves and are contraindicated in cases of kidney stones. These plants with a characteristic tart taste, including rhubarb, should not be eaten in quantity (just as a flavouring or spice in small amounts) because the oxalates may interfere with calcium metabolism in the body, especially in a calcium-poor diet. Dock, sorrel and rhubarb leaves contain enough oxalates and anthraquinones-type laxative compounds to cause poisoning and possibly even death if eaten in excessive amounts. One death has been reported for a man consuming a soup made with 500g of French sorrel (Rumex acetosa). Teas containing sheep sorrel (hot aqueous extracts of sorrel that do not contain any raw herb material) contain only trace amounts of oxalates, however manufactures of such teas should do routine testing to assure customers of safe levels. Large doses of yellow dock tea and/or concentrated extracts may also cause gastric disturbance, nausea and diarrhea due to anthraquinones-type laxative compounds.


Side Effects:
Large doses of yellow dock tea may cause gastric disturbance, nausea, and diarrhea due to anthraquinones-type laxative compounds. Large doses of the raw herb may even cause poisoning due to high oxalic acid and tannin content. One death has been reported for a man consuming a soup made with 500g of French sorrel (Rumex acetosa). Teas containing yellow dock (hot aqueous extracts of dock that do not contain any raw herb material) contain only trace amounts of oxalates, however manufactures of such teas should do routine testing to assure customers of safe levels.


References:
Duke JA. 1985. Rumex crispus L. In Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 414-415.
 
Fairbairn JW, and Muhtadi FJ. 1972. Chemotaxonomy of Anthraquinones in Rumex. Phytochemistry 11: 263-268.
 
Gunaydin K, Topcu G, Ion RM. 2002. 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinones and an anthrone from roots of Rumex crispus. Nat Prod Lett. 2002 Feb; 16(1): 65-70.
 
Turner N, and Kuhnlein H. 1991. Traditional plant foods of Canadian indigenous peoples. Nutrition, botany and use. In Food and Nutrition in History and Anthropology Vol. 8. Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, Philadelphia, PA, p. 222.
 
Yildirim A, Mavi A, Kara AA. 2001. Determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Rumex crispus L. extracts. J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Aug; 49(8): 4083-9.
 
 






 
 
 
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Herb & Supplement Encyclopedia:
 

Parsley Herb and Root

 Scientific Names
 Forms
 Traditional Usage
 Overview
 Active Ingredients
 Suggested Amount
 Drug Interactions
 Contraindications
 Side Effects
 References

Scientific Names:
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) A.W. Hill [Fam. Apiaceae]

Forms:
Fresh or dried parsley herb; parsley root

Traditional Usage:
- Amenorrhea
- Antioxidant
- Antimicrobial
- Antispasmodic
- Bone and Joint Problems
- Breathing Disorders
- Bronchitis
- Colic
- Coughs
- Cramps
- Diuretic
- Dyspepsia
- Expectorant
- Flatulence
- Indigestion
- Menstrual Difficulties
- Myalgia
- Urinary Tract Conditions
- Urinary Tract Gravel
- Vascular Disorders


Overview:
Parsley herb, Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) A.W. Hill [Fam. Apiaceae] is commonly used as a food and spice around the world and is listed in the British Herbal Compendium as a diuretic, carminative and spasmolytic. Parsley herb also has therapeutic indications in France for topical use on dry, chapped skin and insect bites, and for internal use in treating painful menstrual periods. Parsley root is also listed in the German Commission E Monographs as a diuretic (though irritation of kidney tissues), for treating and preventing urinary tract conditions and urinary tract gravel. Parsley is also traditionally used as an expectorant and treatment for bronchitic cough, as well as for treating bone and joint complaints. Parsley herb is a superior food medicine containing high levels of fiber, provitamin A carotenoids, vitamin C, folate and other antioxidants. The dark green leaves and stocks are also generously endowed with calcium and boron for preventing osteoporosis. It would take about three ounces of dried parsley to provide the three milligrams of boron deemed useful in raising estrogen levels, which is more than most people want to consume, but every sprig helps. Bright green parsley, as a rich source of the green plant pigment, chlorophyll, is also recommended as a powerful breath freshener. Herbalist recommend chewing on parsley after meals, after drinking coffee or after eating or drinking anything that might cause bad breath. The tea is also anti-microbial and antiseptic. Modern herbalists recommend parsley for preventing vascular disease and note that the herb, as with other plants in the carrot family, contains 15 compounds that act much like calcium channel blockers. Dr. James Duke, author of The Green Pharmacy, states that vegetarians who eat lots of carrots may have lower levels of vascular disease partly due to these compounds, which are also found in parsley.


Active Ingredients:
Parsley herb contains: Approximately 0.3-0.7% essential oil with the main compound being the myristicin (20%); apiole (18%); beta-phellandrene (12%); p-mentha-1,3,8-triene and other predominantly monoterpene compounds. The herb also contains flavonoids including, largely, apigenin (eg. Apiin = apigenin-7-apiosyl-glucoside) and luteolin. The herb also contains traces of furanocoumarins including bergapten. Parsley root contains up to 0.5% essential oil with the same constituents as listed above, as well as polyynes including falcarinol.

Freeze-dried parsley contains: Water 2.0%; Protein 31.3%; Total lipid (fat) 5.2%; Carbohydrate, by difference 42.4%; Fiber, total dietary 32.7%; Ash 19.1%. Minerals: Calcium, 176mg/100g; Iron, 53.9mg/100g; Magnesium, 372mg/100g; Phosphorus, 548 mg/100g; Potassium, 6300mg/100g; Sodium, 391mg/100g; Zinc, 6.1mg/100g; Copper, 0.46 mg/100g; Manganese, 1.34 mg/100g; Selenium, Se 32.3mcg/100g; Vitamin C, 149.0mg/100g; Thiamin 1.04 mg/100g; Riboflavin 2.3 mg/100g; Niacin 10.4 mg/100g; Pantothenic acid 2.5 mg/100g; Vitamin B-6 1.4mg/100g; Folate, 1535mcg/100g; Vitamin A, 63240 IU; Vitamin A, RE 6324mcg; regular dried parsley Vitamin A, 23340; Vitamin A, RE 2334; Vitamin E, 1.8 mg (ATE). Lipids: Fatty acids, total saturated 0.05g; Total monounsaturated 0.02g; Total polyunsaturated 0.17g. Amino acids: Tryptophan 0.5g; Lysine 3.1g; Methionine 0.2g; Cystine 0.02g; Phenylalanine 0.08g; Tyrosine 0.06g; Valine 0.13g; Arginine 0.14g; Histidine 0.05g; Alanine 0.12g; Aspartic acid 0.2g; Glutamic acid 0.38g; Glycine 0.10g; Proline 0.11g; Serine 0.10g. [USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 14 (July 2001)]


Suggested Amount:
The daily dose of parsley herb is 2-4g taken three times daily, or other preparations taken correspondingly.  To prepare an infusion: Pour approximately 150ml of boiling water over parsley herb and after about 10 minutes pass through a tea strainer. Unless otherwise prescribed, a moderately warm cup of the freshly prepared infusion is drunk between meals three times a day. Parsley root is recommended with the dosage of 2-4 grams taken three times daily directly or as an infusion, or other preparations taken correspondingly.


Drug Interactions:
None known.


Contraindications:
Parsley herb and root, taken medicinally in therapeutic dosages, are contraindicated during pregnancy and in people suffering from nephritis.


Side Effects:
In normal dosages, none known. Parsley herb and root can cause allergic reactions of the skin and mucosa in susceptible persons. Phototoxicity is also possible if excessive amounts are taken, due to the presence of furanocoumarins.


References:
Bradley PR (ed). 1992. Parsley herb. In British Herbal Compendium. Volume 1. A Handbook of Scientific Information on Widely Used Plant Drugs. British Herbal Medicine Association, Bournemouth, Dorset, pp. 168-169.
 
Duke, J. 1997: The Green Pharmacy, The Ultimate Compendium of Natural Remedies from the World's Foremost Authority on Healing and Herbs. pp. 53; 56; 101; 115; 255; 352. Rodale Press.
 
De Smet, P., Keller, K., Hansel, R. and R. Chandler (eds.) 1993. Adverse Effects of Herbal Drugs. Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg. Pp. 61.
 
Newall CA, Anderson LA, and Phillipson JD. 1996. Herbal Medicines. A Guide for Health Care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London, pp. 203-204.
 
Wichtl M (ed). 1994. Petroselini radix – Parsley Root (English translation by Norman Grainger Bisset). In Herbal Drugs and Phyto-pharmaceuticals. CRC Press, Stuttgart, pp. 71-372.
 
                      


===============
Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil from ...
The root, herb and flower oils of S. olusatrum have been characterized byahigh ... Our study deals with the analysis and antimicrobial activity of the ...
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4091/is_200609/ai_n17197144 - 34k -
 

Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil from Stems, Leaves, Fruits and Roots of Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss. from Iran

Journal of Essential Oil Research: JEOR,  Sep/Oct 2006  by Amiri, Hamzeh,  Khavari-Nejad, Ramezan A,  Masoud, Shiva,  Chalabian, Firoozeh,  Rustaiyan, Abdolhossein

Abstract

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the stems, leaves, fruits and roots of Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss. growing wild in the northwest of Iran were investigated by GC and GC/MS. The major constituents of the stem and fruit oils appeared to be curzerene (22.7% and 45.7%) and curzerenone (19.2% and 23.9%). The leaf and root oils were also characterized by high concentration of these compounds but in reversed order: curzerenone (21.8% and 56.6%) and curzerene (16.9% and 18.7%). Hexadecanoicacid (13.6% and 18.7%) was also prodominant in the stem and leaf oils.

In this study antibacterial activities of stem, leaf, root and fruit oils of S. cordifolium against seven Gram-positive and -negative bacteria were determined by measuring the growth inhibitory zone. The oils showed significant anti-microbial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The oil of root and fruit inhibited the growth of Salmonella typhi; the stem oil inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeroginosa. Shigella flexneri was insensitive to the oil.

Key Word Index

Smyrnium cordifolium, Umbelliferae, essential oil composition, curzerene, curzerenone, hexadecanoic acid, antimicrobial activity.

Introduction

The genus Smyrnium is represented in the flora of Iran by only one species:

 
 
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Antiviral and antimicrobial herbal complex
Document Type and Number:
United States Patent 5834000
Link to this page:
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5834000.html
Abstract:
A pharmacologically effective composition of herbs is provided which is antiviral, antibacterial, and symptom relieving for colds, flu, sinus infections, stomach infections, blocked ears due to infection, bronchitis, genital herpes, and herpes simplex. The composition does not contain any undesirable stimulants or other ingredients, such as caffeine and chlorohydrate. The preferred composition includes Isatis leaf and root, as well as other anti-microbial herbal agents, along with herbs for aches, pains, sore throat, and to reduce fever.
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5834000.html
 
============
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Chinese lovage root herbal extract. Liquid Herb - Native Essence ...
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FitLinxx On-Line: "Herbal Cold Cures"
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Fri Jul 6, 2007 11:08 am

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